E D I C T
=========

Copyright (C) 1994,1995 James William Breen

Freeware Japanese/English Dictionary file, coordinated by Jim Breen. 


CURRENT VERSION
---------------

The version date and sequence number is included in the dictionary itself under the entry "EDICT". (Actually it is under the JIS-ASCII code "????". This keeps it as the first entry when it is sorted.) 


The  master  copy   of   EDICT   is   in   the   pub/nihongo   directory   of
ftp.cc.monash.edu.au.  There  are other copies around,  but they may not be
as up-to-date. The easy way to check if the version you have is the latest is
from the size/date.


INTRODUCTION
------------

EDICT is the outcome of a voluntary project to produce a freely available Japanese/English Dictionary in machine-readable form. It was intended initially for use with MOKE (Mark's Own Kanji Editor) and related software such as JDIC and JREADER, however it has come to be used in a large number of packages.

The EDICT file is copyright, and is distributed in accordance with the EDICT Licence Statement included at Appendix A. 


FORMAT
------

EDICT's format is that of the original "EDICT" format used by MOKE. It uses EUC coding for kana and kanji, however this can be converted to JIS or SJIS by any of the several conversion programs around. It is a text file with one entry per line. The format of entries is: 


KANJI [KANA] /english_1/english_2/.../

     or

KANA /english_1/.../
(NB: Only the KANJI and KANA are in EUC; all the other characters, including spaces, must be ASCII.)

The English translations are deliberately brief, as the application of the dictionary is expected to be primarily on-line look-ups, etc.

The EDICT file is not intended to have its entries in any particular order. In fact it almost always is in order as a bye-product of the update method I use, however there is no guarantee of this. (The order is almost always JIS 


CONTENTS
--------
EDICT consists of:
  1. the basic EDICT distributed with MOKE 2.0. This was compiled by MOKE's author, Mark Edwards, with assistance from Spencer Green. Mark has very kindly released this material to the EDICT project. A number of corrections were made to the MOKE original, e.g. spelling mistakes, minor mistranslations, etc. It also had a lot of duplications, which have been removed. It contained about 1900 unique entries. Mark Edwards has also kindly given permission for the vocabulary files developed for KG (Kanji Guess) to be added to EDICT.
  2. additions by Jim Breen. I laboriously keyed in a ~2000 entry dictionary used in my first year nihongo course at Swinburne Institute of Technology years ago (I was given permission by the authors to do this). I then worked through other vocabulary lists trying to make sure major entries were not omitted. The English-to-kana entries in the SKK files were added also. This task is continuing, although it has slowed down, and I suspect I will run out of energy eventually. Apart from that, I have made a large number of additions during normal reading of Japanese text and fj.* news using JREADER and XJDIC.
  3. additions by others. Many people have contributed entries and corrections to EDICT. I am forever on the lookout for sources of material, provided it is genuinely available for use in the Project. I am grateful to Theresa Martin who an early supplier a lot of useful material, plus very perceptive corrections. Hidekazu Tozaki has also been a great help with tidying up a lot of awry entries, and helping me identify obscure kanji compounds. Kurt Stueber has been an assiduous keyer of many useful entries. A large group of contributions came from Sony, where Rik Smoody had put together a large online dictionary. Another batch came from the Japanese-German JDDICT file in similar format that Helmut Goldenstein keyed (with permission) from the Langenscheidt edited by Hadamitzky. Harold Rowe was great help with much of the translation. During 1994, Dr Yo Tomita, then at the University of Leeds, conducted a massive proof-reading of the entire file, for which I am most grateful. Jeffrey Friedl at Omron in Kyoto has also been a most helpful contributor and error-detector. During 1995, I have been keeping an eye on the "honyaku" mailing list, wherein Japanese-English translators discuss thorny issues. From this I have derived many new entries, and many updates to existing entries. To the many honyakujin, my thanks.

A reasonably full list of contributors is at the back of this file, although I am sure to have missd a few.

At this stage EDICT is of a comparable size to a good commercial dictionary, which typically has 20,000+ non-name entries with examples, etc. It is certainly bigger than some of the smaller printed dictionaries, and when used in conjunction with a search-and-display program like JDIC or XJDIC it provides a highly effective on-line dictionary service. 


COPYRIGHT
---------

Dictionary copyright is a difficult point, because clearly the first lexicographer who published "inu means dog" could not claim a copyright violation over all subsequent Japanese dictionaries. While it is usual to consult other dictionaries for "accurate lexicographic information", as Nelson put it, wholesale copying is, of course, not permissable. What makes each dictionary unique (and copyrightable) is the particular selection of words, the phrasing of the meanings, the presentation of the contents (a very important point in the case of EDICT), and the means of publication. Of course, the fact that for the most part the kanji and kana of each entry are coming from public sources, and the structure and layout of the entries themselves are quite unlike those in any published dictionary, adds a degree of protection to EDICT.

The advice I have received from people who know about these things is that EDICT is just as much a new dictionary as any others on the market. Readers may see an entry which looks familiar, and say "Aha! That comes from the XYZ Jiten!". They may be right, and they may be wrong. After all there aren't too many translations of neko. Let me make one thing quite clear, despite considerable temptation (Electronic Books can be easily decoded), NONE of this dictionary came from commercial machine-readable dictionaries. I have a case of RSI in my right elbow to prove it. 


Please do not contribute entries to  EDICT  which  have  come  directly  from
copyrightable  sources.   It  is  hard  to  check  these,   and  you  may  be
jeopardizing EDICT's status.

LEXICOGRAPHICAL DETAILS -----------------------

EDICT is actually a Japanese->English dictionary, although the words within it can be selected in either language using appropriate software. (JDIC uses it to provide both E->J and J->E functionality.)

The early stages of EDICT had size limitations due to its usage (MOKE scans it sequentially and JDXGEN, which is JDIC's index generator, held it in RAM.) This meant that examples of usage could not be included, and inclusion of phrases was very limited. JDIC/JDXGEN can now handle a much larger dictionary, but the compact format has continued.

No inflections of verbs or adjectives have been included, except in idiomatic expressions. Similarly particles are handled as separate entries. Adverbs formed from adjectives (-ku or ni) are generally not included. Verbs are, of course, are in the plain or "dictionary" form.

In working on EDICT, bearing in mind I want to use it in MOKE and with JDIC, I have had to come up with a solution to the problem of adjectival nouns

[keiyoudoushi] (e.g. kirei and kantan), nouns which can be used adjectivally with the particle "no" and verbs formed by adding suru (e.g. benkyousuru). If I put entries in edict with the "na" and "suru" included, MOKE will not find a match when they are omitted or, the case of suru, inflected. What I have decided to do is to put the basic noun into the dictionary and add "(vs)" where it can be used to form a verb with suru, "(a-no)" for common "no" usage, and "(an)" if it is an adjectival noun. Entries appear as:

KANJI [benkyou] /study (vs)/ KANJI [kantan] /simple (an)/

Where necessary, verbs are marked with "(vi)" or "(vt)" according to whether they are intransitive or transitive. (Work on this aspect is continuing.) I have also used (id) to mark idiomatic expressions, (col) for colloquialisms, (pol) for teineigo, etc. 


The (current) full list of such entry markers is:

        an       adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)
        a-no     nouns which may take the genitive case particle "no"
        vs       noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru
        vt       transitive verb
        vi       intransitive verb
        id       idiomatic expression
        col      colloquialism
        vulg     vulgar expression or word
        pn       person name (family or given)
        pl       place name
        giv      given name
        fem      female given name
        male     male given name
        fam      familiar language
        pol      polite (teineigo) language
        hum      humble (kenjougo) language
        hon      honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language
        pref     prefix
        suf      suffix
        uk       word usually written using kana alone
        uK       word usually written using kanji alone
        oK       word containing out-dated kanji
        iK       word containing irregular kanji usage
        ik       word containing irregular kana usage
        io       irregular okurigana usage
        arch     archaism
        X        rude or X-rated term (not displayed in educational software)
        I        Type I (godan) verb (currently only added to verbs
                 where the type is not implicit)
        IV       Type IV (irregular) verb, such as "gozaru".
        MA       martial arts term
        m-sl     manga slang

I have endeavoured to cater for many possible variants of English translation

and spelling. Where appropriate different translations are included for national variants (e.g. autumn/fall). I use Oxford (British) standard spelling (-our, -ize) for the entries I make, but I leave other entries in the national spelling of the submitter.

Users intending to make submissions to EDICT should follow the following

simple rules: 

USAGE
-----

EDICT can be used, with acknowledgement, for any purpose whatever, EXCEPT for incorporation in commercial products. It cannot be sold, except at a nominal charge for the distribution medium. Consult the EDICT Licence Statement at Appendix A.

It is, of course, the main dictionary used by PD and GPL Copyright software such as JDIC, JREADER, XJDIC, MacJDic, etc. It can be used as the dictionary within MOKE (it may need to be renamed JTOE.DCT if used with version 2.1 of MOKE), and it is also used by the NJSTAR and JWP Word Processor packages.

With regard to commercial products, if the developer of such a product wishes to make use of EDICT, an acceptable approach is to provide for users to obtain a copy of the EDICT file themselves and access it via the product, either with or without a provided utility program. It must not be "locked up" through a formatting or indexing system. These simple precautions avoid violation of the provisions of EDICT's Licence Statement. 


CONTRIBUTIONS
-------------

I will be delighted if people send me corrections, suggestions, and ESPECIALLY additions. Before ripping in with a lot of suggestions, make sure you have the latest version, as others may have already made the same comments.

The preferred format for submissions is a JIS, EUC or Shift-JIS file (uuencoded for safety) containing replacement/new entries.

Amendments to EDICT are carried out using a "perl" program kindly provided by Jeffrey Friedl. This program carries out additions, deletions and replacements, as well as checking the formats of the entries. I would greatly assist if all contributions to EDICT follow the format set in that program. The format consists of entries prepended by a letter to indicate the action to be carried

out: A for addition, D for deletion, and E/C for a replacement pair. Alternatively, the prepended codes can be "NEW: ", "DEL: " and
"old: /new: " respectively.
Examples:

AKANJI1 [kana1] /new entry #1/

AKANJI2 [kana2] /new entry #2/

EKANJI3 [kana3] /old entry to be replaced/ CKANJI3 [kana3] /replacement entry/

DKANJI4 [kana4] /entry to be deleted/ 


        or
NEW: KANJI1 [kana1] /new entry #1/
NEW: KANJI2 [kana2] /new entry #2/
old: KANJI3 [kana3] /old entry to be replaced/
new: KANJI3 [kana3] /replacement entry/
DEL: KANJI4 [kana4] /entry to be deleted/

Please provide an annotated reason for any deletions or amendments you send.

The order of entries in the submission file is immaterial, however the E/C lines must be in order. 


I prefer not to get a "diff" or "patch" file  as  the  master  EDICT  is  under
continuous  revision,  and  may have had quite a few changes since you got your
copy.


TOO BIG?
--------

With the inclusion of many jinmei and chimei entries, EDICT is now a very large file, and has a very high proportion of its entries as place or person names. The compiler's own software (JDIC, XJDIC, etc.) can deal with this in a variety of ways, however other users may wish to operate on a reduced version which excludes such entries.

Available with EDICT is a utility program ESPLIT (ESPLIT.C and ESPLIT.EXE) which will split the full file into two separate files, one of which only contains the proper-names. Entries such as "shimizu", which are both a name and a regular entry, are split into a reduced entry on each file. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
----------------

The following people, in roughly chronological order, have played a part in the development of EDICT.

Mark Edwards, Spencer Green, Alina Skoutarides, Takako Machida, Theresa Martin, Satoshi Tadokoro, Stephen Chung, Hidekazu Tozaki, Clifford Olling, David Cooper, Ken Lunde, Joel Schulman, Hiroto Kagotani, Truett Smith, Mike Rosenlof, Harold Rowe, Al Harkom, Per Hammarlund, Atsushi Fukumoto, John Crossley, Bob Kerns, Frank O'Carroll, Rik Smoody, Scott Trent, Curtis Eubanks, Jamie Packer, Hitoshi Doi, Thalawyn Silverwood, Makato Shimojima, Bart Mathias, Koichi Mori, Steven Sprouse, Jeff Friedl, Yazuru Hiraga, Kurt Stueber, Rafael Santos, Bruce Casner, Masato Toho, Carolyn Norton, Simon Clippingdale, Shiino Masayoshi, Susumu Miki, Yushi Kaneda, Masahiko Tachibana, Naoki Shibata, Yuzuru Hiraga, Yasuaki Nakano, Atsu Yagasaki, Hitoshi Oi, Chizuko Kanazawa, Lars Huttar, Jonathan Hanna, Yoshimasa Tsuji, Masatsugu Mamimura, Keiichi Nakata, Masako Nomura, Hiroshi Kamabe, Shi-Wen Peng, Norihiro Okada, Jun-ichi Nakamura, Yoshiyuki Mizuno, Minoru Terada, Itaru Ichikawa, Toru Matsuda, Katsumi Inoue, John Finlayson, David Luke, Iain Sinclair, Warwick Hockley, Jamii Corley, Howard Landman, Tom Bryce, Jim Thomas, Paul Burchard, Kenji Saito, Ken Eto, Niibe Yutaka, Hideyuki Ozaki, Kouichi Suzuki, Sakaguchi Takeyuki, Haruo Furuhashi, Takashi Hattori, Yoshiyuki Kondo, Kusakabe Youichi, Nobuo Sakiyama, Kouhei Matsuda, Toru Sato, Takayuki Ito, Masayuki Tokoshima, Kiyo Inaba, Dan Cohn, Yo Tomita, Ed Hall, Takashi Imamura, Bernard Greenberg, Michael Raine, Akiko Nagase, Ben Bullock, Scott Draves, Matthew Haines, Andy Howells, Takayuki Ito, Anders Brabaek, Michael Chachich, Masaki Muranaka, Paul Randolph, Vesa Karhu, Bruce Bailey, Gal Shalif, Riichiro Saito, Keith Rogers, Steve Petersen, Bill Smith, Barry Byrne, Satoshi Kuramoto, Jason Molenda, Travis Stewart, Yuichiro Kushiro Keiko Okushi, Wayne Lammers, Koichi Fujino, Joerg Fischer, Satoru Miyazaki, Gaspard Gendreau, David Olson, Peter Evans, Steven Zaveloff, Larry Tyrrell, Heinz Clemencon, Justin Mayer. 


Jim Breen
(jwb@capek.rdt.monash.edu.au)
Department of Robotics & Digital Technology
Monash University
Clayton 3168
AUSTRALIA
APPENDIX A: EDICT LICENCE STATEMENT

===================================

Copyright (C) 1994, 1995 James William Breen

This licence statement and copyright notice applies to the EDICT Japanese/English Dictionary file, the associated documentation file EDICT.DOC, and any data files which are derived from them.

COPYING AND DISTRIBUTION

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of these files provided this copyright notice and permission notice is distributed with all copies. Any distribution of the files must take place without a financial return, except a charge to cover the cost of the distribution medium.

Permission is granted to make and distribute extracts or subsets of the EDICT file under the same conditions applying to verbatim copies.

Permission is granted to translate the English elements of the EDICT file into other languages, and to make and distribute copies of those translations under the same conditions applying to verbatim copies. 


USAGE

These files may be freely used by individuals, and may be accessed by software belonging to, or operated by, such individuals.

The files, extracts from the files, and translations of the files must not be sold as part of any commercial software package, nor must they be incorporated in any published dictionary or other printed document without the specific permission of the copyright holder.

COPYRIGHT

Copyright over the documents covered by this statement is held by James William BREEN.

APPENDIX B: WNN PROJECT COPYRIGHT NOTICE ----------------------------------------

As some of the material in edict has been derived from entries in the dictionaries of the "Wnn" project, it is appropriate to draw attention to the copyright statement of that project. 


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